该备忘单提供了帮助您使用 Golang 的基本语法和方法。
var s1 string
s1 = "Learn Go!"
// 一次声明多个变量
var b, c int = 1, 2
var d = true
简短声明
s1 := "Learn Go!" // string
b, c := 1, 2 // int
d := true // bool
参见:基本类型
if true {
fmt.Println("Yes!")
}
参见:条件控制
num := 3 // int
num := 3. // float64
num := 3 + 4i // complex128
num := byte('a') // byte (alias: uint8)
var u uint = 7 // uint (unsigned)
var p float32 = 22.7 // 32-bit float
x := 5
x++
fmt.Println("x + 4 =", x + 4)
fmt.Println("x * 4 =", x * 4)
参见:更多操作符
isTrue := true
isFalse := false
fmt.Println(true && true) // true
fmt.Println(true && false) // false
fmt.Println(true || true) // true
fmt.Println(true || false) // true
fmt.Println(!true) // false
参见:更多操作符
┌────┬────┬────┬────┬─────┬─────┐
| 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 13 |
└────┴────┴────┴────┴─────┴─────┘
0 1 2 3 4 5
primes := [...]int{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
fmt.Println(len(primes)) // => 6
// 输出:[2 3 5 7 11 13]
fmt.Println(primes)
// 与 [:3] 相同,输出:[2 3 5]
fmt.Println(primes[0:3])
var a [2]string
a[0] = "Hello"
a[1] = "World"
fmt.Println(a[0], a[1]) //=> Hello World
fmt.Println(a) // => [Hello World]
var twoDimension [2][3]int
for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
for j := 0; j < 3; j++ {
twoDimension[i][j] = i + j
}
}
// => 2d: [[0 1 2] [1 2 3]]
fmt.Println("2d: ", twoDimension)
func main () {
b := *getPointer()
fmt.Println("Value is", b)
}
func getPointer () (myPointer *int) {
a := 234
return &a
}
a := new(int)
*a = 234
参见:指针(Pointers)
s := make([]string, 3)
s[0] = "a"
s[1] = "b"
s = append(s, "d")
s = append(s, "e", "f")
fmt.Println(s)
fmt.Println(s[1])
fmt.Println(len(s))
fmt.Println(s[1:3])
slice := []int{2, 3, 4}
另见:切片示例
package main
import (
"fmt"
"os"
)
type point struct {
x, y int
}
func main() {
p := point{1, 2}
fmt.Printf("%v\n", p) // => {1 2}
fmt.Printf("%+v\n", p) // => {x:1 y:2}
fmt.Printf("%#v\n", p) // => main.point{x:1, y:2}
fmt.Printf("%T\n", p) // => main.point
fmt.Printf("%t\n", true) // => TRUE
fmt.Printf("%d\n", 123) // => 123
fmt.Printf("%b\n", 14) // => 1110
fmt.Printf("%c\n", 33) // => !
fmt.Printf("%x\n", 456) // => 1c8
fmt.Printf("%f\n", 78.9) // => 78.9
fmt.Printf("%e\n", 123400000.0) // => 1.23E+08
fmt.Printf("%E\n", 123400000.0) // => 1.23E+08
fmt.Printf("%s\n", "\"string\"") // => "string"
fmt.Printf("%q\n", "\"string\"") // => "\"string\""
fmt.Printf("%x\n", "hex this") // => 6.86578E+15
fmt.Printf("%p\n", &p) // => 0xc00002c040
fmt.Printf("|%6d|%6d|\n", 12, 345) // => | 12| 345|
fmt.Printf("|%6.2f|%6.2f|\n", 1.2, 3.45) // => | 1.20| 3.45|
fmt.Printf("|%-6.2f|%-6.2f|\n", 1.2, 3.45) // => |1.20 |3.45 |
fmt.Printf("|%6s|%6s|\n", "foo", "b") // => | foo| b|
fmt.Printf("|%-6s|%-6s|\n", "foo", "b") // => |foo |b |
s := fmt.Sprintf("a %s", "string")
fmt.Println(s)
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "an %s\n", "error")
}
另见:fmt
| 实例 | Result |
|---|---|
| Contains("test", "es") | true |
| Count("test", "t") | 2 |
| HasPrefix("test", "te") | true |
| HasSuffix("test", "st") | true |
| Index("test", "e") | 1 |
| Join([]string{"a", "b"}, "-") | a-b |
| Repeat("a", 5) | aaaaa |
| Replace("foo", "o", "0", -1) | f00 |
| Replace("foo", "o", "0", 1) | f0o |
| Split("a-b-c-d-e", "-") | [a b c d e] |
| ToLower("TEST") | test |
| ToUpper("test") | TEST |
x := 42.0
switch x {
case 0:
case 1, 2:
fmt.Println("Multiple matches")
case 42: // Don't "fall through".
fmt.Println("reached")
case 43:
fmt.Println("Unreached")
default:
fmt.Println("Optional")
}
参见:Switch
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
type Vertex struct {
X int
Y int
}
func main() {
v := Vertex{1, 2}
v.X = 4
fmt.Println(v.X, v.Y) // => 4 2
}
参见:结构(Structs)
m := make(map[string]int)
m["k1"] = 7
m["k2"] = 13
fmt.Println(m) // => map[k1:7 k2:13]
v1 := m["k1"]
fmt.Println(v1) // => 7
fmt.Println(len(m)) // => 2
delete(m, "k2")
fmt.Println(m) // => map[k1:7]
_, prs := m["k2"]
fmt.Println(prs) // => false
n := map[string]int{"foo": 1, "bar": 2}
fmt.Println(n) // => map[bar:2 foo:1]
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func f(from string) {
for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
fmt.Println(from, ":", i)
}
}
func main() {
f("direct")
go f("goroutine")
go func(msg string) {
fmt.Println(msg)
}("going")
time.Sleep(time.Second)
fmt.Println("done")
}
参见:Goroutines, Channels
package main
import (
"fmt"
"sync"
"time"
)
func w(id int, wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
defer wg.Done()
fmt.Printf("%d starting\n", id)
time.Sleep(time.Second)
fmt.Printf("%d done\n", id)
}
func main() {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
for i := 1; i <= 5; i++ {
wg.Add(1)
go w(i, &wg)
}
wg.Wait()
}
参见:WaitGroup
ch <- 1
ch <- 2
ch <- 3
close(ch) // 关闭频道
// 迭代通道直到关闭
for i := range ch {
···
}
// Closed if `ok == false`
v, ok := <- ch
参见:范围和关闭
ch := make(chan int, 2)
ch <- 1
ch <- 2
ch <- 3
// 致命错误:
// 所有 goroutine 都处于休眠状态 - 死锁
参见:缓冲通道
| :- | -- |
|---|---|
GOOS | 编译系统 |
GOARCH | 编译arch |
GO111MODULE | gomod开关 |
GOPROXY | go代理 https://goproxy.io https://goproxy.cn |
GOSSAFUNC | 生成 SSA.html 文件,展示代码优化的每一步 GOSSAFUNC=func_name go build |